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차세대 전고체전지 연구 '주목'(Next-Generation All-Solid-State Battery Research ‘Draws Attention’)
작성자 대외홍보센터 작성일 2026-04-14
조회수 255
작성자,작성일,첨부파일,조회수로 작성된 표
차세대 전고체전지 연구 '주목'(Next-Generation All-Solid-State Battery Research ‘Draws Attention’)
대외홍보센터 2026-04-14 255

차세대 전고체전지용 고니켈 양극 수명·출력 동시에 잡았다
- 국립부경대·한국에너지기술연구원 공동 연구 성과
- 재료과학 상위 5% 국제 학술지  게재 

△ 연구 이미지. (왼쪽) 기존 고니켈양극 소재의 전고체전지 적용 시 문제점, (오른쪽) 멀티 스케일 설계 양극의 전고체전지 적용 시 우수성


차세대 전고체리튬이온전지용 고니켈 양극의 수명과 출력 동시에 잡는 입자 설계 기술이 개발돼 주목된다. 

국립부경대학교 신소재시스템공학과 김남형 교수 연구팀과 한국에너지기술연구원 차형연 박사 연구팀은 입자의 나노(nano)·마이크로(micro) 구조를 동시에 설계하는 ‘멀티 스케일 구조 설계 전략’으로 전고체전지용 고니켈 양극의 수명과 출력을 동시에 확보하는 데 성공했다. 

최근 전기차, 대용량 저장장치에 필수적인 고에너지 밀도 배터리 구현을 위한 차세대 전고체전지 연구가 활발하지만, 안정성과 성능 등에 한계가 있었다. 

연구팀은 전고체전지에 NCM(리튬니켈코발트망간산화물, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O) 양극 소재를 적용할 때 성능이 급격히 저하되는 문제에 주목했다. 

연구 결과, 동일한 양극 소재가 기존의 액체전해질 환경에서는 문제없이 작동하지만, 황화물계 고체전해질을 사용하는 전고체전지에 적용되면 용량이 약 20% 감소하고 전극과 입자 내부 반응이 불균일해지는 것으로 나타났다. 

기존 다결정(polycrystalline) 고니켈 양극 입자는 전고체전지 내 충·방전 과정에서 리튬 탈삽입에 따른 구조 변화가 충분히 일어나지 못해 적정 용량을 구현하지 못하고, 일부 입자만 반응하는 ‘불균일 반응’이 발생했다. 특히, 전고체전지에 필수적인 높은 압력에서는 입자 균열과 고체전해질과의 불균일 접촉으로 전극 내부에 반응하지 못하는 ‘죽은 영역(dead zone)’이 대량으로 생기는 한계가 있었다. 

이를 해결하기 위해 연구팀은 나노·마이크로 구조를 동시에 설계하는 ‘멀티 스케일 구조 설계 전략’을 제안했다. 먼저 양극 입자 내부에 쌍정(twin-boundary) 결함을 인위적으로 도입한 고니켈 NCM을 합성해, 리튬 이온이 더 빠르게 이동할 수 있는 내부 통로를 확보했다. 

또 마이크로 구조에서 다수의 1차 입자가 뭉쳐 있는 기존 2차 입자 구조 대신 입자 전체가 하나의 결정으로 이뤄진 단결정(single-crystal) 고니켈 NCM을 도입했다. 단결정 구조는 입자 내부의 결정립계가 거의 없어 고압 조건에서도 미세 균열이 발생하지 않고, 입자 형태와 전극 구조를 장기간 유지할 수 있다는 장점을 활용한 것이다. 

연구팀이 이 기술을 적용한 전고체전지용 고니켈 양극을 실제 전고체전지 환경에서 평가한 결과, 단결정 NCM은 초기 방전 용량이 약 197 mAh/g이었고, 100회 충·방전 후에도 90% 이상 용량을 유지했다. 이는 액체전해질 전지와 유사한 수준의 수명 특성을 확보한 것이다. 

김남형 교수는 “전고체전지 환경에 최적화된 ‘양극 구조 설계 패러다임’을 제시했다는 점에서 의미가 크다. 이와 같은 멀티 스케일 소재 설계가 향후 차세대 전고체전지용 상용 양극 개발의 중요한 가이드라인이 될 것”이라고 밝혔다. 

이 연구 결과를 담은 논문 ‘Synergistic nano-micro structuring boosts high-Ni cathode performance for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries’는 재료과학 분야 상위 5%인 국제 학술지 에 게재됐다. <부경투데이>

 


△ 연구 이미지. (왼쪽) 기존 고니켈양극 소재의 전고체전지 적용 시 제한된 리튬 이동 경로 및 느린 확산 문제, (오른쪽) 멀티 스케일 설계 양극의 쌍정결함으로 빠른 리튬 이동 경로 확보

 

Extending Both Lifespan and Output of High-Nickel Cathodes for Next-Generation All-Solid-State Batteries

- Joint research achievement by Pukyong National University and the Korea Institute of Energy Research

Published in <Energy Storage Materials>, a top 5% international journal in materials science

 

A new particle design technology that simultaneously improves both the lifespan and output performance of high-nickel cathodes for next-generation all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries is drawing attention.

 

A research team led by Nam-Hyung Kim, Professor of the Department of Materials System Engineering at Pukyong National University, and a team led by Hyeon-Yeon Cha, Senior Researcher at the Korea Institute of Energy Research, successfully secured both the lifespan and output performance of high-nickel cathodes for all-solid-state batteries through a “multi-scale structural design strategy” that simultaneously designs the nano- and micro-scale structures of particles.

 

Recently, research on next-generation all-solid-state batteries for realizing high-energy-density batteries, which are essential for electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems, has been actively advancing. However, limitations in stability and performance have remained a major challenge.

 

The research team focused on the issue of rapid performance degradation when applying NCM (lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, LiNi.Co.Mn.O) cathode materials to all-solid-state batteries.

 

The study found that while the same cathode material operates without issue in conventional liquid electrolyte environments, its capacity decreases by approximately 20% and reactions within the electrode and particles become uneven when applied to all-solid-state batteries using sulfide-based solid electrolytes.

 

Conventional polycrystalline high-nickel cathode particles in all-solid-state batteries were unable to achieve sufficient structural changes during the lithium insertion and extraction process in chargedischarge cycles, making it difficult to realize optimal capacity and causing non-uniform reactions, in which only some particles actively reacted. In particular, under the high pressure essential for all-solid-state batteries, limitations arose as particle cracking and uneven contact with the solid electrolyte created large amounts of “dead zones,” where reactions could not occur inside the electrode.

 

To solve this issue, the research team proposed a “multi-scale structural design strategy” that simultaneously controls both nano- and micro-scale structures. First, they synthesized high-nickel NCM with artificially introduced twin-boundary defects inside the cathode particles, securing internal pathways that allow faster lithium-ion transport.

 

In addition, instead of the conventional secondary particle structure, in which multiple primary particles are clustered together at the micro scale, the team introduced single-crystal high-nickel NCM, where the entire particle consists of a single crystal. This approach takes advantage of the fact that the single-crystal structure has almost no grain boundaries inside the particle, preventing microcracks even under high-pressure conditions and enabling the long-term maintenance of both particle shape and electrode structure.

 

When the research team evaluated high-nickel cathodes for all-solid-state batteries using this technology under actual all-solid-state battery conditions, the single-crystal NCM showed an initial discharge capacity of approximately 197 mAh/g and maintained more than 90% of its capacity even after 100 chargedischarge cycles. This demonstrates a lifespan comparable to that of conventional liquid electrolyte batteries.

 

Professor Nam-Hyung Kim stated, “This study is significant in that it presents a new cathode structure design paradigm optimized for all-solid-state battery environments. Such a multi-scale materials design strategy will serve as an important guideline for the future development of commercial cathodes for next-generation all-solid-state batteries.”

 

The research findings were published in the paper titled “Synergistic Nano-Micro Structuring Boosts High-Ni Cathode Performance for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries” in <Energy Storage Materials>, an international journal ranked in the top 5% of the materials science field. <Pukyong Today>