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고출력 인공근육 개발했다(High-Power Artificial Muscle Developed)
작성자 대외홍보센터 작성일 2026-09-14
조회수 460
작성자,작성일,첨부파일,조회수로 작성된 표
고출력 인공근육 개발했다(High-Power Artificial Muscle Developed)
대외홍보센터 2026-09-14 460

국립부경대 김대석 교수팀, 액정 엘라스토머 ‘분자 연결점’ 바꿔 고출력 인공근육 개발
- ‘비등방성 가교제’ 개발 … 분자 수준에서 인공근육 보강
- 30% 이상 수축하며 높은 출력 … 전기 구동으로 1kg 하중 들어 올려
- 화학·소재 분야 세계적 국제학술지 ‘Angewandte Chemie International Edition’ 게재
분자 연결점(가교점) 설계 및 고출력 인공근육 개발 모식도
△ 연구 이미지. 분자 연결점(가교점) 설계 및 고출력 인공근육 개발 모식도.

 

국립부경대학교 연구진이 액정 엘라스토머(Liquid Crystal Elastomer, LCE)를 구성하는 ‘분자 연결점(가교점)’의 구조를 바꾸는 새로운 접근법으로, 높은 온도에서도 강한 힘을 유지할 수 있는 고출력 인공근육을 개발했다.

국립부경대 고분자공학전공 김대석 교수 연구팀은 액정 엘라스토머의 주사슬을 이루는 막대형 액정 메소겐과 닮은 ‘메소겐 모사 비등방성 가교제(mesogen-mimetic anisotropic crosslinker)’를 개발해, 기존 액정 인공근육의 한계였던 고온에서의 기계적 연화(단단한 소재가 무르게 되는 현상)를 크게 개선했다.

액정 엘라스토머는 고무처럼 부드러우면서 열이나 빛 등의 자극에 따라 스스로 수축할 수 있어 인공근육과 소프트 로봇의 핵심 소재로 주목받고 있다. 하지만 기존 소재는 수축이 활발하게 일어나는 높은 온도에서 오히려 부드러워져 힘을 제대로 지탱하기 어렵다는 문제가 있었다.

연구팀은 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 지금까지 고분자 사슬을 단순히 연결하고 고정하는 역할로 여겨졌던 가교제(crosslinker)에 주목했다. 일반적인 액정 엘라스토머의 주사슬에는 길쭉한 막대 형태의 액정 메소겐들이 일정한 방향으로 배열돼 있지만, 이를 서로 연결하는 기존 가교제는 대부분 유연하거나 뚜렷한 방향성이 없는 구조였다. 

연구팀은 ‘액정 사슬이 방향성을 가진다면, 사슬을 연결하는 가교제도 액정 메소겐을 닮게 만들 수 있지 않을까?’라는 아이디어에서 출발해 액정 메소겐과 유사한 길쭉하고 단단한 중심 구조를 갖는 새로운 가교제 ‘PBB-TT’를 설계했다. 이를 통해 가교점을 단순히 사슬을 묶어주는 ‘연결점’이 아니라, 액정 분자들과 조화를 이루면서 힘을 지지하고 전달하는 ‘분자 보강점’으로 바꿨다.

특히 새로운 가교제는 단단한 구조만 도입한 것이 아니라 유연한 연결 부위도 함께 설계해, 소재가 지나치게 딱딱해져 액정의 움직임을 방해하지 않도록 했다. 그 결과 높은 온도에서도 기계적 강도를 유지하면서 액정 엘라스토머 특유의 큰 수축 능력을 보존할 수 있었다.

개발된 인공근육은 실제 하중을 매단 상태에서도 30% 이상 크게 수축했으며, 반복적인 구동에서도 안정적인 성능을 유지했다. 또한 소재에 전기 가열 구조를 결합한 인공근육은 1kg의 하중을 실제로 들어 올리는 데 성공했다.

연구팀은 소재의 남아 있는 광반응성을 이용해 별도의 접착제 없이 LCE 필름을 서로 직접 연결하는 기술도 구현했다. 이를 활용해 전기로 움직이는 인공근육뿐 아니라 물체를 잡고 놓는 소프트 그리퍼를 제작했으며, 손상된 인공근육을 다시 접합해 성능을 대부분 회복시키는 것도 확인했다.

이번 연구의 의미는 탄소나노튜브나 그래핀과 같은 별도의 보강재를 추가하는 대신, 액정 엘라스토머를 구성하는 기본 분자의 구조 자체를 다시 설계했다는 점에 있다. 특히 기존에는 방향성을 가진 액정 메소겐과 방향성이 없는 가교점이 함께 네트워크를 이루었다면, 이번 연구에서는 가교제까지 주사슬의 액정 메소겐을 닮도록 설계해 네트워크 전체의 방향성과 힘 전달을 분자 수준에서 연결했다.

김대석 교수는 “액정 엘라스토머의 주사슬에는 이미 방향성을 가진 막대형 메소겐이 배열돼 있지만, 기존 가교제는 주로 사슬을 연결하는 역할에 머물러 있었다”라며, “이번 연구는 가교제에도 액정 메소겐과 닮은 방향성 구조를 부여해 단순한 분자 연결점을 실제 힘을 지지하고 전달하는 보강점으로 바꾼 것이 핵심”이라고 설명했다.

이어 “인공근육이 실제 일을 수행하려면 크게 움직이는 것뿐 아니라 움직이는 동안에도 충분한 힘을 유지해야 한다”라며, “이번 연구는 ‘가교제의 구조와 방향성’이라는 새로운 분자설계 전략을 통해 고출력 액정 인공근육의 가능성을 제시했으며, 향후 소프트 로봇과 웨어러블 구동기 등 다양한 분야로 확장될 것으로 기대한다”라고 밝혔다.

이번 연구 결과를 담은 논문 ‘Mesogen-Mimetic Anisotropic Crosslinkers for Load-Bearing Liquid Crystal Elastomer Artificial Muscles’는 화학·소재 분야의 세계적 국제학술지 ‘Angewandte Chemie International Edition’(IF 17.6)에 9월 8일 게재됐다. <부경투데이>


△ 연구팀. 김대석 교수(왼쪽)와 이지원 석사과정생.


Pukyong National University Professor Dae-Seok Kim’s Team Develops High-Power Artificial Muscle by Modifying ‘Molecular Crosslinks’ in Liquid Crystal Elastomers

- ‘Anisotropic Crosslinker’ developed to reinforce artificial muscles at the molecular level

- More than 30% contraction with high power output … Electrically driven artificial muscle lifts a 1 kg load

- Findings published in ‘Angewandte Chemie International Edition,’ a world-renowned international journal in chemistry and materials science

 

Researchers at Pukyong National University have developed a high-power artificial muscle capable of maintaining strong force even at high temperatures through a new approach that modifies the structure of the “molecular connection points (crosslinks)” that make up Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCEs).

 

Professor Dae-Seok Kim’s research team in the Major of Polymer Engineering at Pukyong National University developed a “mesogen-mimetic anisotropic crosslinker” that resembles the rod-shaped liquid crystal mesogens forming the main chains of LCEs. This approach significantly reduces mechanical softening―the tendency of a rigid material to become softer―at high temperatures, a major limitation of conventional liquid crystal artificial muscles.

 

Liquid crystal elastomers are soft and flexible like rubber while also being capable of contracting in response to stimuli such as heat or light, making them promising key materials for artificial muscles and soft robots. However, conventional LCEs tend to soften at the high temperatures where contraction becomes most active, making it difficult for them to sustain sufficient force.

 

To address this issue, the research team focused on the crosslinker, which until now had been regarded simply as a component that connects and fixes polymer chains. In conventional liquid crystal elastomers, elongated, rod-shaped liquid crystal mesogens in the main chains are aligned in a specific direction, while the crosslinkers connecting these chains are generally flexible or lack a distinct directional structure.

 

Starting from the idea, “If liquid crystal chains have directionality, why not design the crosslinkers connecting them to resemble liquid crystal mesogens as well?” the team designed a new crosslinker called PBB-TT, featuring an elongated, rigid core structure similar to that of liquid crystal mesogens. This transformed the crosslinks from simple “connection points” that hold chains together into “molecular reinforcement points” that work in harmony with the liquid crystal molecules to support and transmit force.

 

Importantly, the new crosslinker incorporates not only a rigid structure but also flexible linking segments, preventing the material from becoming excessively stiff and restricting the movement of the liquid crystals. As a result, the LCE maintained its mechanical strength at high temperatures while preserving the large contraction characteristic of liquid crystal elastomers.

 

The developed artificial muscle contracted by more than 30% even while supporting an actual load and maintained stable performance over repeated actuation cycles. An artificial muscle incorporating an electrical heating structure also successfully lifted a 1 kg load.

 

The research team also utilized the material’s remaining photoreactivity to develop a technique for directly bonding LCE films to one another without using a separate adhesive. Using this technique, the researchers fabricated not only electrically driven artificial muscles but also a soft gripper capable of grasping and releasing objects. They also confirmed that damaged artificial muscles could be rejoined to recover most of their original performance.

 

The significance of this study lies in redesigning the molecular structure of the liquid crystal elastomer itself, rather than adding separate reinforcing materials such as carbon nanotubes or graphene. While conventional LCE networks combine directionally aligned liquid crystal mesogens with non-directional crosslinks, the new approach designs the crosslinkers themselves to resemble the liquid crystal mesogens in the main chains, thereby integrating the directionality of the entire network and the transmission of force at the molecular level.

 

Professor Dae-Seok Kim explained, “The main chains of liquid crystal elastomers already contain directionally aligned, rod-shaped mesogens, but conventional crosslinkers have largely been limited to simply connecting the chains. The key to this study was to give the crosslinkers a directional structure resembling that of liquid crystal mesogens, transforming simple molecular connection points into reinforcement points that actually support and transmit force.”

 

He added, “For artificial muscles to perform actual work, they must not only produce large movements but also maintain sufficient force while moving. This study demonstrates the potential of high-power liquid crystal artificial muscles through a new molecular design strategy based on the structure and directionality of crosslinkers, and we expect the approach to be extended to a wide range of applications, including soft robots and wearable actuators.”

 

The paper presenting the findings, titled “Mesogen-Mimetic Anisotropic Crosslinkers for Load-Bearing Liquid Crystal Elastomer Artificial Muscles,” was published on September 8 in Angewandte Chemie International Edition (IF 17.6), a world-renowned international journal in the fields of chemistry and materials science. <Pukyong Today>